First+test+subjects+110

__Science__:
 * The definition of astronomy
 * How astronomy differs from astrology
 * The scientific method

__Diurnal Motion__:
 * Definition of diurnal motion
 * Cause of diurnal motion
 * //What// appears to move, as a result of diurnal motion (for example, clouds do not move as a result of diurnal motion).
 * How the Sun appears to move through our sky, at different times of the year (solstices and equinoxes).

__Solar Motion__:
 * How the Sun appears to move through the stars.
 * Time scale for such apparent movement.
 * Why such apparent movement occurs.
 * Name of the path the Sun appears to move along.

__The Moon__:
 * Relative size of the Moon and Earth.
 * Relative distance of the Moon from the Earth.

__Lunar Motion__:
 * Lunar cycle, synodic and sidereal.
 * Different phases.
 * Why the phases occur and change over the synodic period.

__Eclipses__:
 * Lunar eclipses.
 * Solar eclipses.
 * Why they happen (how Sun, Moon and Earth are aligned so that they occur).
 * Why they don't happen every month.
 * How an annular eclipse differs from a "regular" solar eclipse.

__Seasons__:
 * The Common misconception of why seasons happen, and why they are wrong.
 * How the angle of incoming sunlight effects the seasons.
 * How the length of the day effects the seasons.
 * How the isolation of the northern and southern hemispheres effect heat transfer.

__Planetary Motion__:
 * How/why Mercury and Venus appear to move the way that they do.
 * How/why Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune appear to move the way that they do.
 * How/why the asteroids/dwarf planets/Kuiper Belt Objects, etc... appear to move the way that they do.

__Precession__:
 * What precession is, and it's cycle time frame.
 * what are the effects of precession.

__Proper Motion__:
 * Stars move through space.
 * Proper motion describes that movement, though not the moving towards/away from us aspect of that motion.

__Motion of the Sun through the Galaxy__:
 * Time frame for this motion.

__Archeoastronomy__:
 * Any site/artifact, from pre-history, with supposed astronomical significance.
 * Know a few specific sites by name and astronomical relevance.

__Greek Astronomers__:
 * Aristotle and his geocentric model of the "Universe" (his concept of the "Universe" is more similar to our concept of the Solar system and the visible stars of our galaxy).
 * Aristarchus. Got it right. Not that it helped.
 * Hipparchus. (Invented trig, discovered precession) introduced epicycles!
 * Ptolemy. Wrote the Mathematical Syntaxis (a.k.a. The Almagest), a complicated mathematically rigorous model to describe the modified geocentric concept of the Universe, held by astronomers of the day.

__Renaissance Astronomers__:
 * Nicolai Copernicus introduced a heliocentric model of the Universe.
 * Tycho Brahe didn't really adhere to either model, but he did observe the planets and take meticulous notes, over 20+years.
 * Johannes Kepler used Tycho's data to understand that the planets orbited along elliptical paths. He also noted a few other things about orbiting planets, and these are detailed in his three laws of planetary motion. You should know how Kepler's third law for the test!
 * Galileo Galilei observed through a telescope! and noticed stuff about the Moon, Milky Way, Jupiter, the Sun and Venus. He got in trouble for telling everyone about it though.
 * Sir Isaac Newtons wrote three laws of motion (You need to know the math for his second law!) and the Universal Law of Gravitation. He also explained orbits.

__Light__:
 * Refraction
 * Electromagnetic radiation wavelength ranges, in order (and colors within the visible range, in order)
 * Wave properties (wavelength & associated color, frequency, and associated equation)
 * photon (particle) properties (energy, and associated equation)
 * Doppler effect
 * Speed of light
 * Atmospheric windows (what ET EMradiation makes it down to Earth's surface)

__Telescopes__:
 * Optics inside
 * Refractors and reflectors (advantages and disadvantages of each)
 * Operations of (at least) one type of telescope
 * Reasons for use of telescopes in astronomy
 * Where they must be placed, to see the EMradiation wavelength range they are designed to measure.

__Observatories__:
 * Necessary considerations when choosing location
 * Best locations in the world (and off the world)
 * Basic operations

__Solar System Formation__:
 * Six aspects of the solar system that must be accounted for by any theory of solar system formation
 * Early Ideas of solar system formation
 * Solar Nebular Hypothesis
 * Nebula
 * Rotation rate increases with decreasing distance of mass from the rotational axis.
 * Greater pressure = greater temperature. Formation of protostar in the center of disk
 * Hydrostatic equilibrium
 * Condensation (a temperature dependent process)
 * Accretion
 * Gravitational attraction
 * Planetary differentiation
 * Terrestrial vs. Jovian planet formation
 * existence of astroid belt
 * empty space

__The Sun__:
 * Bulk properties (size, mass, compositions...)
 * core and thermonuclear fusion
 * radiative zone
 * convective zone (and convection)
 * photosphere; granulation, sunspots, temperature...
 * Chromosphere
 * Corona
 * magnetic fields, heliosiesmology

__ The Earth __ :
 * bulk properties (size, mass, density, temperature range, ...)
 * How the Earth moves...rotation and revolution and what the visual effect (from Earth) of these two motions is
 * Obliquity of the ecliptic (Earth's tilt) and how this gives rises to the Earth's seasons
 * The Core, what is happening there, what that motion produces, and how we know about the core (seismic waves)
 * The mantle, what is happening there, and what that motion causes
 * The Crust. Plate tectonics. Craters
 * Oceans
 * Atmosphere, constituent atoms and molecules. Ozone layer & the greenhouse effect
 * Magnetosphere
 * Three methods of heat transfer. Which method is associated with what layer.

__ The Moon __ :
 * bulk properties (size, mass, density, temperature range, ...)
 * core
 * crust and crustal features (maria, etc...)
 * evidence to suggests lack of oceans and atmosphere
 * phases
 * eclipses (solar, lunar, annular)
 * moon formation

__ Mercury __ :
 * bulk properties (size, mass, density, temperature range, ...)
 * Rotation/revolution resonance
 * core
 * crust and crustal features (lobate scarps, etc...)
 * exosphere
 * magnetosphere

__ Venus __ :
 * bulk properties (size, mass, density, temperature range, ...)
 * rotation (rate & direction) and theories for...
 * crust & crustal features (lack of large craters, terras, etc...)
 * volcanism and possible global resurfacing
 * atmosphere & greenhouse effect

__ Mars __ :
 * bulk properties (size, mass, density, temperature range, ...)
 * crust and crustal features (Maxwell Mons, Valles Marinaris, topographical dichotomy, etc...)
 * evidence for water
 * atmosphere
 * how Mars lost its water
 * moons
 * Alien life?!

Subject for the Final Exam:
__Jupiter__:

__Saturn__:

__Uranus__:

__Neptune__:

__Dwarf Planets, Kuiper Belt Objects, Scattered Disk Objects, Oort Cloud__:

__Exoplanets__: