Test+Information+110

__List of subjects that will be on the second (0% multiple choice) term test (Wednesday, April 29th)__: No ScanTron sheet necessary!!
=== For this test you will be allowed to bring in a calculator (but only one that is not connected to the internet...no smartphone calculator apps allowed!) and one 3.5" x 5" index card. You can hand-write (your hand writing!) anything you like on this index card. Please note that as a result of allowing you index cards, there will be no equations, constants, or other information provided on the test itself. ===

__The Sun__:
 * Bulk properties (size, mass, compositions...)
 * core and thermonuclear fusion
 * radiative zone
 * convective zone (and convection)
 * photosphere; granulation, sunspots, temperature...
 * Chromosphere
 * Corona
 * magnetic fields, heliosiesmology

__The Earth__:
 * bulk properties (size, mass, density, temperature range, ...)
 * How the Earth moves...rotation and revolution and what the visual effect (from Earth) of these two motions is
 * Obliquity of the ecliptic (Earth's tilt) and how this gives rises to the Earth's seasons
 * The Core, what is happening there, what that motion produces, and how we know about the core (seismic waves)
 * The mantle, what is happening there, and what that motion causes
 * The Crust. Plate tectonics. Craters
 * Oceans
 * Atmosphere, constituent atoms and molecules. Ozone layer & the greenhouse effect
 * Magnetosphere
 * Three methods of heat transfer. Which method is associated with what layer.

__The Moon__:
 * bulk properties (size, mass, density, temperature range, ...)
 * core
 * crust and crustal features (maria, etc...)
 * evidence to suggests lack of oceans and atmosphere
 * phases
 * eclipses (solar, lunar, annular)
 * moon formation

__Mercury__:
 * bulk properties (size, mass, density, temperature range, ...)
 * Rotation/revolution resonance
 * core
 * crust and crustal features (lobate scarps, etc...)
 * exosphere
 * magnetosphere

__Venus__:
 * bulk properties (size, mass, density, temperature range, ...)
 * rotation (rate & direction) and theories for...
 * crust & crustal features (lack of large craters, terras, etc...)
 * volcanism and possible global resurfacing
 * atmosphere & greenhouse effect

__Mars__:
 * bulk properties (size, mass, density, temperature range, ...)
 * crust and crustal features (Maxwell Mons, Valles Marinaris, topographical dichotomy, etc...)
 * evidence for water
 * atmosphere
 * how Mars lost its water
 * moons
 * Alien life?!

Don't forget your ScanTron sheet!!!
=== For this test you will be allowed to bring in a calculator (but only one that is not connected to the internet...no smartphone calculator apps allowed!) and one 3.5" x 5" index card. You can hand-write (your hand writing!) anything you like on this index card. Please note that as a result of allowing you index cards, there will be no equations, constants, or other information provided on the test itself. ===

__ Science __ :
 * The scientific method
 * The definition of astronomy
 * How astronomy differs from astrology

__The Solar System in General__:
 * Solar System contents (by group)
 * Motions of these objects through space, within the confines of the Solar System
 * SI units and the units to use to describe the vastness of the Solar System
 * orders of magnitudes (powers of ten)

__ Archeoastronomy __ :
 * Any site/artifact, from pre-history, with supposed astronomical significance.
 * Know a few specific sites by name and astronomical relevance.

__ Greek Astronomers __ :
 * Aristotle and his geocentric model of the "Universe" (his concept of the "Universe" is more similar to our concept of the Solar system and the visible stars of our galaxy). First principles, and crystalline spheres.
 * Aristarchus. Got it right. Not that it helped.
 * Hipparchus. (Invented trigonometry, discovered precession) introduced epicycles!
 * Ptolemy. Wrote the //Mathematical Syntaxis// (a.k.a. __The Almagest__), a complicated mathematically rigorous model to describe the modified geocentric concept of the Universe, held by astronomers of the day.

__ Renaissance Astronomers __ :
 * Nicolai Copernicus introduced a heliocentric model of the Universe.
 * Tycho Brahe didn't really adhere to either model, but he did observe the planets and take meticulous notes, over 20+years.
 * Johannes Kepler used Tycho's data to understand that the planets orbited along elliptical paths. He also noted a few other things about orbiting planets, and these are detailed in his three laws of planetary motion.
 * Galileo Galilei observed through a telescope! and noticed stuff about the Moon, Milky Way, Jupiter, the Sun and Venus. He got in trouble for telling everyone about it though.

__ Solar System Formation __ :
 * Six aspects of the solar system that must be accounted for by any theory of solar system formation.
 * How the Solar System fits into the Universe (age and composition comparison)
 * Solar Nebular Hypothesis
 * Dark nebula and how gravity can pull the atoms and molecules of that nebula together.
 * Rotation rate increases with decreasing distance of mass from the rotational axis.
 * Greater pressure = greater temperature. Formation of protostar in the center of disk.
 * Hydrostatic equilibrium of the newly formed star.
 * Condensation (a temperature dependent process).
 * Accretion.
 * Planetary differentiation.
 * Terrestrial vs. Jovian planet formation.
 * Existence of astroid belt.
 * Empty space.

__ Light __ :
 * Refraction
 * Electromagnetic radiation & it's wavelength ranges, in order (and colors within the visible range, in order)
 * Wave properties (wavelength & associated color, frequency, and associated equation)
 * Speed of light.
 * photon (particle) properties (energy, and associated equation).
 * Atmospheric windows (what ET EMradiation makes it down to Earth's surface).
 * Doppler effect.

__ Telescopes __ :
 * Optics inside.
 * Refractors and reflectors (advantages/disadvantages of each).
 * Operation of (at least) one type of telescope.
 * Reasons for use of telescopes in astronomy.