L10++TestOne+120H

Former Test #1:
=== For this test you will be allowed to bring in a calculator (but only one that is not connected to the internet...no smartphone calculator apps allowed!) and one 4" x 6" index card. You can hand-write (your hand writing!) anything you like on this index card. Please note that as a result of allowing you index cards, there will be no equations, constants, or other information provided on the test itself. ===

__ Science __ :
 * The definition of astronomy
 * How astronomy differs from astrology
 * The scientific method

__ Stars and Constellations __ :
 * Definition of a star and a constellation.
 * Horizon coordinate (Altitude-Azimuth) mapping system. When to use it and how to use it.
 * Equatorial coordinate (Right Ascension and Declination) mapping system. When to use it and how to use it.
 * Which mapping system professional astronomers use and why.

__ Everything is in Motion __ :
 * Johannes Kepler wrote three laws of planetary motion.
 * Sir Isaac Newtons wrote three laws of motion and the Universal Law of Gravitation. He also explained orbits.

__ Electromagnetic Radiation __ :
 * Colors of the rainbow (ROYGBIV)
 * Refraction. What it is and when it happens.
 * Light as a wave (wavelength)
 * The whole electromagnetic spectrum (gamma, xray, UV, visible, IR, microwave and radio)
 * Speed of light (constant)
 * Frequency of light (in per second units, normally called Hertz: Hz)
 * Equations that relates wavelength to frequency
 * Light as a particle/photon: wave-particle duality
 * The energy of light, and the equation(s) that relates energy to wavelength and/or frequency.
 * Doppler Effect

__ Optics and Telescopes __ :
 * Lenses in refracting telescopes, though that does cause chromatic aberration.
 * Parabolic mirrors in reflecting telescopes.
 * Three reasons why we use telescopes: brighten, resolve and magnify. Least important is magnification.
 * Know how light travels through each type of telescope and where it ends up: the light collecting device and the light analyzing device: A photographic plate, CCD camera or a spectrograph.
 * The Universe emits light in all wavelengths, and in order to collect this light, some telescopes (radio and visible/optical) can be on the Earth, but most have to be above the atmosphere, which absorbs that light and keeps it from getting to Earth's surface

__ Blackbodies and Spectra __ :
 * Definition of a blackbody
 * Electromagnetic spectrum as described by a graph of intensity vs. wavelength
 * Wien's law and its implications
 * Stefan-Boltzmann's law and its implications
 * Kirchhoff's three laws and which type of spectra is produced by which type of environment

__ Atomic structure, the origin of light & spectral analysis __ :
 * Examples of real spectra with Fraunhofer lines, and understanding/explanations of how these lines are formed.
 * Atomic structure (neutrons & protons in the nucleus, electrons orbiting the nucleus), and electron transitions.

__ The Sun __ :
 * Three atmospheric layers of the Sun, and their characteristic features, including sunspots and the Zeeman effect.
 * Thermonuclear fusion, the energy production caused by thermonuclear fusion and how that energy escapes the Sun.