First+Test+Subjects+120

List of subjects that will be on the first term test (Wednesday, September 24th):
__ Science __ :
 * The definition of astronomy
 * How astronomy differs from astrology
 * The scientific method

__Stars and Constellations__:
 * Definition of a star and a constellation
 * Horizon coordinate (Altitude-Azimuth) mapping system. When to use it and how to use it.
 * Equatorial coordinate (Right Ascension and Declination) mapping system. When to use it and how to use it.
 * Which mapping system professional astronomers use and why

__ Everything is in Motion __ :
 * Johannes Kepler used another's data to understand that the planets orbited along elliptical paths. He also noted a few other things about orbiting planets, and these are detailed in his three laws of planetary motion.
 * Sir Isaac Newtons wrote three laws of motion and the Universal Law of Gravitation. He also explained orbits.

__Electromagnetic Radiation__:
 * Colors of the rainbow (ROYGBIV)
 * Refraction. What it is and when it happens
 * Light as a wave (wavelength)
 * The whole electromagnetic spectrum (gamma, xray, UV, visible, IR, microwave and radio)
 * Speed of light (constant)
 * Frequency of light (in per second units, normally called Hertz: Hz)
 * Equations that relates wavelength to frequency
 * Light as a particle/photon: wave-particle duality
 * The energy of light
 * Doppler Effect

__Optics and Telescopes__:
 * Lenses in refracting telescopes, though that does cause chromatic aberration.
 * Parabolic mirrors in reflecting telescopes.
 * Three reasons why we use telescopes: brighten, resolve and magnify. Least important is magnification.
 * Know how light travels through each type of telescope and where it ends up: the light collecting device and the light analyzing device: A photographic plate, CCD camera or a spectrograph.
 * The Universe emits light in all wavelengths, and in order to collect this light, some telescopes (radio and visible/optical) can be on the Earth, but most have to be above the atmosphere, which absorbs that light and keeps it from getting to Earth's surface

__Blackbodies and Spectra__:
 * definition of a blackbody
 * electromagnetic spectrum as described by a graph of intensity vs. wavelength
 * Wine's law and its implications
 * Stefan-Boltzmann's law and its implications
 * Kirchhoff's three laws and which type of spectra is produced by which type of environment

__Atomic structure, the origin of light & spectral analysis__:
 * examples of real spectra with Fraunhofer lines, and explanations of what that form these lines
 * atomic structure (neutrons & protons in the nucleus, electrons orbiting the nucleus)
 * electron transitions between orbitals either absorb or emit photos of electromagnetic radiation