Final+Exam

Former Final Exam: [[file:Astronomy120FinalExam-F2015.pdf]]
=== For this final exam you will be allowed to bring in a calculator (but only one that is not connected to the internet...no smartphone calculator apps allowed!) and one 8.5" x 11" sheet of paper. You can hand-write (__your__ hand writing!) anything you like on this sheet of paper. Please note that as a result of allowing you paper, there will be no equations, constants, or other information provided on the final exam itself. ===

**The final exam is cumulative, so all content from lectures #2 through #24 will be tested!**
__ Galactic Content __ :
 * Stars, stellar remnants ISM and dark matter.
 * Open clusters and globular clusters
 * Pop I, II & III stars
 * metallicity

__Milky Way__:
 * Shapley-Curtis debate
 * Edwin Hubble and the size of the universe
 * Galactic structures and motion of components (using the 21 cm line); disk & spiral arms, bulge, bar, nucleus (Sag A*) & halo
 * rotation curve; evidence for dark matter
 * spiral arm winding and density wave theory

__ Galaxies __ :
 * Normal Spirals and barred spirals; flocculent and grand design
 * Giant elliptical and dwarf elliptical galaxies
 * irregular galaxies and merging galaxies.

__ Cosmology, the past __ :
 * The universe is not static.
 * Hubble and Humason saw distant galaxies moving away. The more distant (cepheids, type Ia SN), the faster the recession (cosmological redshift)
 * Space is expanding. The universe is expanding.
 * The "Hubble constant" measures this rate of expansion: 67.8 +/- 0.9 km/s/Mpc
 * It started from a point, 13.799 +/- 0.021 billion years ago
 * The "big bang" theory seeks to describe what happened then
 * Evidence for the big bang is the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), which is measured at ~1 mm and 2.72548 +/-0.00057 K
 * Tiny fluctuations in the CMB are hypothesized to signify clumping of the energy/matter of the early universe leading the galaxy & star formation
 * Grand Unification Theories (GUT)/Theory of Everything

__ Cosmology, the future __ :
 * Observations and theories pre-1998 vs. observations and data after the "missing" 73% of the matter-energy density of the universe ("dark energy") was realized.
 * Dark energy is repulsive and is causing the expansion rate of the universe to increase.
 * Omega_0 = 1, so the universe is flat. It will expand forever.
 * The End